Izindlu ezakhiwe ngaphambilini, ezivame ukubizwa ngokuthi yizindlu ezakhiwe ngaphambili noma nje ezakhiwe, ziyizinhlobo zokuhlala ezikhethekile zezakhiwo ezakhiwe ngaphambilini, ezikhiqizwa ngaphandle kwendawo kusengaphambili, ngokuvamile ezigabeni ezijwayelekile ezingathunyelwa futhi zihlanganiswe kalula.Eminye imiklamo yamanje yasekhaya ye-prefab ihlanganisa imininingwane yezakhiwo ekhuthazwe yi-postmodernism noma i-futurist architecture.
Izindlu zomkhandlu ezingahlali muntu eSeacroft, Leeds, UK
“Okwakhiwe kuqala” kungase kubhekisele ezakhiweni ezakhiwe ngezici (isib. amaphaneli), amamojula (amakhaya ajwayelekile) noma izingxenye ezithwalekayo (amakhaya akhiqiziwe), futhi zingase zisetshenziselwe ukubhekisela kumahamba-nendlwana, okungukuthi, izindlu ezinamasondo.Nakuba kufana, izindlela kanye nomklamo walezi zintathu ziyahlukahluka kakhulu.Kunezinhlelo zasekhaya ezinamaleveli amabili, kanye nezinhlelo zasekhaya ezenziwe ngokwezifiso.Kunomehluko omkhulu ezinhlotsheni zokwakha.E-US, izindlu ezingomahamba nendlwana ezakhiwe zakhiwa ngokuhambisana namakhodi okwakha e-HUD, kuyilapho izindlu ze-modular zakhiwa ngokuhambisana ne-IRC (International Residential Code).
Izindlu ze-Modular zenziwa ngezigaba, bese zihanjiswa endaweni yasekhaya ukuze zakhiwe futhi zifakwe.Nakuba izingxenye zendlu zenziwe ngaphambili, izigaba, noma amamojula, ahlanganiswa ekwakhiweni njengekhaya elivamile.
Izindlu ezakhiwe zakhiwe phezu kwemishayo yensimbi, futhi zihanjiswa izingxenye eziphelele ziyiswe endaweni yasekhaya, lapho zihlanganiswa khona.Amasondo, ama-hitch nama-ekseli akhishwa esizeni lapho ikhaya libekwe phezu kwesisekelo esihlala njalo.
Amakhaya angomahambanendlwana, noma ama-trailer, akhiwe ngamasondo, futhi angadonswa yimoto.Abhekwa njengempahla yomuntu siqu, futhi anikezwe ilayisense Umnyango Wezimoto.[catation needed] Imizi emincane enamasondo ifakiwe kulesi sigaba.Kufanele zakhelwe kukhodi ye-DMV, futhi ziphumelele ukuhlolwa ukuze zinikezwe ilayisense.[catation needed]
Umlando
I-"Loren" Iron House, e-Old Gippstown e-Moe, e-Australia
Ukukhulunywa kokuqala kwesakhiwo esakhiwe ngaphambili kwakungo-1160 kuya ku-1170 nguWace njengoba kuqinisekiswe nguPierre Bouet.Ohlelweni olukhethekile lwangoMeyi/Juni 2015 lwephephabhuku lesiFulentshi i-Historia, wakhuluma ngenqaba eyathuthwa ama-Normans ngendlela 'yekhithi'.[ecashunwa] NgokukaBouet, inkondlo edumile kaWace ethi Roman de Rou, amavesi 6,516–6,526, athi: “Bakhipha izingodo emkhunjini bazihudulela phansi.Khona-ke i-Count (Earl) eyabaletha, (imishayo) isivele ibhoboziwe futhi ihlelwe, iqoshwe futhi yasikwa, izikhonkwane (amapulagi aluhlaza / amadoli) asevele anqunywa futhi athuthwa emiphongolweni, akha inqaba, kwambiwa umsele nxazonke futhi. ngalokho ngakhe inqaba enkulu ebusuku.”
Izakhiwo ezinyakazayo zasetshenziswa ngekhulu le-16 eNdiya ngu-Emperor Akbar The Great.Lezi zakhiwo zabikwa ngu-Arif Qandahari ngo-1579. [1]
E-United States, izinkampani ezimbalwa ezihlanganisa i-Sears Catalog Homes zaqala ukunikeza amakhaya ekhithi yama-oda phakathi kuka-1902 no-1910.[2]I-Forest Products Laboratory, ingxenye ye-US Forest Service, yenza ucwaningo olunzulu ezindlini ezakhiwe ngeminyaka yawo-1930, okuhlanganisa nokwakha eyodwa yombukiso wasekhaya wase-Madison wango-1935.[3]Lolu cwaningo lwaqhubeka kwaze kwaba ngawo-1960.
Ngo-1958, cishe amaphesenti ayishumi ezindlu ezintsha e-United States zase zakhiwe ngaphambili.[4]
Contemporary yasekhaya prefabrication
I-Stillwater Dwellings Prefab Home
Isibonelo sendlu enamapulangwe eqediwe eLake Whatcom, e-United States.
Njengamanje, imboni yezindlu ezakhiwe ngaphambilini ihlukaniswe ngendlela yokwakha.Idizayini yekhaya efakwe ngamaphaneli, iModular, kanye neYakhiqiziwe yenza iningi lamafemu anamuhla, anokuhlangana okukhulu phakathi kwezindlela zokwakha.
Izindlu zamaphaneli
Amakhaya anephaneli (okubizwa nangokuthi amakhaya akhiwe ngohlelo), akha izingxenye zesakhiwo, noma “amaphaneli”, endlu (izindonga, uphahla kanye nezinhlelo zaphansi) efekthri engaphandle kwendawo lapho amaphaneli esikwa ngamasaha nama-laser cutter amashidi amakhulu okhuni, okuvumela inani elincane lemfucuza uma kuqhathaniswa nokwakhiwa kwendawo.[6]Ngemva kokusikwa nokubunjwa kwawo, amaphaneli ayapakishwa futhi alethwe endaweni yomsebenzi lapho ikhaya lihlanganiswa khona kancane ngendlela efanayo neyendabuko eyakhiwe endaweni.[catation needed]
Amakhaya anephaneli ngokuvamile abhekwa njengendawo ephakathi nendawo phakathi kwekhaya elakhelwe isayithi elingokwesiko kanye nezangaphambili ezakhiwe kakhudlwana, ngokuguquguquka kokwakhiwa kwesiza nokusebenza kahle kwe-prefab.[7]
i-America esenyakatho
iziwe Ezihlangene
Isamba semakethe yezindlu ezingezona ezakhiwe zomndeni owodwa (ezimodulayo nafakwe ngamaphaneli) sasiku-3% wokuqedwa komndeni owodwa ngo-2020, ngokusho kwedatha yeCensus Bureau Survey of Construction kanye nokuhlaziywa kwe-NAHB.[8]Lesi sabelo kulindeleke ukuthi sikhuphuke ngokulingene ngo-2021.
EYurophu
Isithonjana somhlaba.
Izibonelo nombono kulesi sigaba ukhuluma ngokuyinhloko nge-United Kingdom futhi awumeli umbono womhlaba wonke ngale ndaba.Ungakwazi ukuthuthukisa lesi sigaba, uxoxe ngodaba ekhasini lenkulumo, noma udale isigaba esisha, ngokufanelekile.(Julayi 2019) (Funda ukuthi ungawususa kanjani futhi nini lo mlayezo wesifanekiso)
E-United Kingdom, amakhaya angaphezu kuka-156,000 enziwe ngaphambilini akhiwa phakathi kuka-1945 no-1948.[9]
Ngawo-1940s umklami ongumFulentshi uJean Prouvé waklama indlu eyakhiwe nge-aluminium, i-Maison Tropicale, ezosetshenziswa e-Afrika.[10]
Ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe II kwaze kwaba ngu-1948, i-Sell-Fertighaus GmbH yakha izindlu ezingaphezu kwezingu-5,000 ezakhiwe ngaphambili eJalimane ukuze zisebenze e-United States.[catation needed]
I-Huf Haus eyakhiwe isiJalimane eduze naseWest Linton, eScotland.
Alikho izinga lezindlu ze-pan-EU zalolu hlobo lokwakhiwa kwezindlu, futhi umthethonqubo usezingeni likazwelonke.Iziqondiso ze-EU ezisebenza ekwakhiweni kwezindlu nokuklama akuthinti ngokuqondile umkhakha wezindlu eziyimojuli.[catation needed] Nokho, ikhaya ngalinye eliyimojuli kufanele lihambisane ne-EU's Eurocodes kanye namakhodi okwakha endawo.[catation needed]
i-United Kingdom
Isihloko esikhulu: I-Prefabs e-United Kingdom
Indlu eyakhiwe ngaphambilini yamaNgisi yangemva kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili, exhumene nendawo efanayo eyakhiwe kabusha ngezitini.
E-United Kingdom, igama elithi “prefab” livamise ukuhlotshaniswa nohlobo oluthile lwendlu eyakhiwe kuqala eyakhiwe ngobuningi ngemva kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili,[11] njengezindlu zase-Airey, njengokuthatha indawo yesikhashana yezindlu ezacekelwa phansi amabhomu. , ikakhulukazi eLondon.
Naphezu kwenhloso yokuthi lezi zindawo zokuhlala zazizoba into yesikhashana nje, eziningi zahlala zinabantu iminyaka ngisho namashumi eminyaka ngemva kokuphela kwempi.Inani elincane lisasetshenziswa ekhulwini lama-21, kodwa liya liyanda elidilizwayo.Ngo-2011 kwamenyezelwa ukuthi indawo enkulu kunazo zonke yaseBrithani esele yezindlu ezingu-187 eLewisham, eNingizimu-East London, izothuthukiswa ngaphandle kwezindlu eziyisithupha.[12]
Ama-Prefabs nawo akhiwa ngeMpi Yezwe Yokuqala njengezindlu ezisagcwele e-Austin Village, eBirmingham.
Ukuphindwa kwakamuva kombono ukuthuthukiswa kwamafulethi angama-36 abizwa ngokuthi y:cube enziwe yi-YMCA eMitcham, eSouth London[13] Ilke Homes e-Knaresborough yakha amakhaya angu-2 kanye nangu-3 'amamojula' angakhiwa emahoreni angama-36. 14]
E-Australia nase-Asia
Ngo-2010, i-Bali yathumela kwamanye amazwe izindlu ezakhiwe ngaphambilini ezingama-98,417, kodwa ngo-2011 isifunda sathumela ngaphandle amayunithi angama-5,007 kuphela ngenxa yokuwohloka komnotho womhlaba okwathinta izindawo eziningi ezithunyelwa ngaphandle.Lezi zindlu ze-prefab zase-Balinese zaziwa kakhulu ngomklamo wazo wobuciko kanye nenani elingokoqobo.[15]
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jun-08-2022