Uhlaka lwensimbi luyisu lokwakha “elinohlaka lwamathambo” lwamakholomu ensimbi aqondile kanye nemishayo ye-I evundlile, eyakhiwe ngegridi engunxande ukuze isekele iphansi, uphahla nezindonga zesakhiwo konke okunamathiselwe kuhlaka.Ukuthuthukiswa kwalolu hlelo kwenza ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo esibhakabhakeni senzeka.
Insimbi egoqiwe "iphrofayili" noma ingxenye yesiphambano yamakholomu ensimbi ithatha umumo wencwadi ethi "I".Ama-flange amabili abanzi ekholomu aminyene futhi aba banzi kunama-flange aku-beam, ukuze amelane kangcono nengcindezi ecindezelayo esakhiweni.Izingxenye zensimbi eziyisikwele neziyindilinga zensimbi nazo zingasetshenziswa, ngokuvamile zigcwele ukhonkolo.Imishayo yensimbi ixhunywe kumakholomu ngamabhawodi nezinsimbi ezinentambo, futhi ngokomlando ixhunywe ngama-rivets.“Iwebhu” emaphakathi ye-I-beam yensimbi ivamise ukuba banzi kunewebhu yekholomu ukuze imelane nezikhathi zokugoba eziphakeme ezenzeka ezinsikeni.
Amashidi abanzi edekhi yensimbi angasetshenziswa ukumboza phezulu kohlaka lwensimbi “njengefomu” noma isikhunta sikathayela, ngaphansi kogqinsi lukakhonkolo nezinsimbi zokuqinisa insimbi.Enye enye indlela ethandwayo iphansi lamayunithi okhonkolo we-precast anendlela ethile yokufaka ukhonkolo.Ngokuvamile ezakhiweni zamahhovisi, indawo yokugcina yaphansi ihlinzekwa uhlobo oluthile lwesistimu yokubeka phansi enesikhala phakathi kwendawo yokuhamba kanye nephansi lesakhiwo elisetshenziselwa izintambo namapayipi okubamba umoya.
Uhlaka ludinga ukuvikelwa emlilweni ngoba insimbi iyathamba ekushiseni okuphezulu futhi lokhu kungabangela ukuba isakhiwo siwe kancane.Endabeni yamakholomu lokhu kuvame ukwenziwa ngokuyimboza ngolunye uhlobo lwesakhiwo esimelana nomlilo njenge-masonry, ukhonkolo noma i-plasterboard.Imishayo ingase ifakwe ukhonkolo, i-plasterboard noma ifuthwe nge-coating ukuze ivikeleke ekushiseni komlilo noma ingavikelwa ukwakhiwa kophahla olungashi.I-Asbestos yayiyinto ethandwayo yokuvikela izakhiwo zensimbi kuze kube sekuqaleni kwawo-1970, ngaphambi kokuba izingozi zezempilo zemicu ye-asbestos ziqondwe ngokugcwele.
"Isikhumba" sangaphandle sesakhiwo sigxilwe kuhlaka kusetshenziswa amasu ahlukahlukene wokwakha nokulandela izinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zezitayela zezakhiwo.Izitini, amatshe, ukhonkolo oqinisiwe, ingilazi yezakhiwo, insimbi yeshidi kanye nopende nje kusetshenziswe ukumboza uhlaka ukuze kuvikelwe insimbi esimweni sezulu.
Amafreyimu ensimbi akhiwe ngendlela ebandayo ayaziwa nangokuthi i-lightweight steel framing (LSF).
Amashidi azacile ensimbi ethathiwe angabanda akheke abe izikhonkwane zensimbi ukuze zisetshenziswe njengempahla yokwakha enesakhiwo noma engeyona eyesakhiwo kuzo zombili izindonga zangaphandle nezihlukanisayo kuzo zombili imiklamo yokwakha yezindawo zokuhlala, ezohwebo nezimboni ( osesithombeni).Ubukhulu begumbi busungulwa ngethrekhi evundlile eboshelwe phansi kanye nophahla ukuze iveze igumbi ngalinye.Izikhonkwane eziqondile zihlelwe kumathrekhi, ngokuvamile zihlukaniswa ngamasentimitha angu-16 (410 mm) ngokuhlukana, futhi ziboshwe phezulu nangaphansi.
Amaphrofayili ajwayelekile asetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwezindawo zokuhlala yi-stud yomumo we-C kanye nethrekhi emise okwe-U, kanye namanye amaphrofayili ahlukahlukene.Amalungu ozimele ngokuvamile akhiqizwa ngogqinsi oluyi-12 kuya ku-25 gauge.Izikali ezisindayo, njenge-12 kanye ne-14 gauge, zivame ukusetshenziswa lapho imithwalo ye-axial (ehambisana nobude belungu) iphakeme, njengasekwakhiweni okuthwala umthwalo.Izikali ezisindayo ezimaphakathi, ezifana ne-16 kanye ne-18 gauge, zivame ukusetshenziswa uma ingekho imithwalo ye-axial kodwa imithwalo esindayo esemaceleni (i-perpendicular to the member) njengezikhonkwane zodonga zangaphandle ezidinga ukumelana nemithwalo yomoya enamandla esiphepho ogwini.Izikali ezikhanyayo, njengegeji engu-25, zivame ukusetshenziswa lapho ingekho khona imithwalo ye-axial kanye nemithwalo esemaceleni elula kakhulu njengalapho kwakhiwe khona ingaphakathi lapho amalungu esebenza njengohlaka lwezindonga ezidilikayo phakathi kwamakamelo.Ukuqedwa kodonga kufakwe ihange ezinhlangothini ezimbili ze-flange ze-stud, ezihluka ukusuka ku-1+1⁄4 kuya ku-3 amayintshi (32 kuya ku-76 mm) ubukhulu, futhi ububanzi bewebhu busuka ku-1+5⁄8 kuya ku-14 amayintshi (41). kuze kufike ku-356 mm).Izingxenye eziwunxande ziyasuswa kuwebhu ukuze kuhlinzekwe ukufinyelela kwezintambo zikagesi.
Izigayo zensimbi zikhiqiza insimbi enamashidi, isisekelo sokwenza amaphrofayili ensimbi abandayo.Ishidi lensimbi libe seliququdwa libe amaphrofayili wokugcina asetshenziselwa ukwenza uzimele.Amashidi ahlanganiswe ne-zinc (i-galvanized) ukuvimbela i-oxidation kanye nokugqwala.Uhlaka lwensimbi lunikeza ukuguquguquka okuhle kakhulu kwedizayini ngenxa yesilinganiso esiphakeme samandla nesisindo sensimbi, esivumela ukuthi sidlule amabanga amade, futhi simelane nemithwalo yomoya nokuzamazama komhlaba.
Izindonga ezinohlaka lwensimbi zingaklanywa ukuze zinikeze izici ezinhle kakhulu ezishisayo nezokuzwakala kwe-acoustic - enye yezinto ezicatshangelwayo lapho wakha kusetshenziswa insimbi eyakhiwe ngendlela ebandayo ukuthi ibhuloho elishisayo lingenzeka kulo lonke uhlelo lodonga phakathi kwemvelo yangaphandle nendawo enesimo sangaphakathi.Ibhuloho elishisayo lingavikelwa ngokufaka ungqimba lwe-insulation engaguquki ngaphandle eduze kwefreyimu yensimbi - okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi 'ikhefu elishisayo'.
Isikhala phakathi kwama-studs ngokuvamile singamayintshi angu-16 enkabeni yezindonga zendlu yangaphandle nengaphakathi kuye ngezidingo zokulayisha eziklanyelwe.Emahhovisi amahhovisi isikhala singama-intshi angu-24 (610 mm) phakathi nendawo yazo zonke izindonga ngaphandle kwekheshi kanye nemithombo yezitezi.
Ukusetshenziswa kwensimbi esikhundleni sensimbi ngezinhloso zesakhiwo ekuqaleni kwakuhamba kancane.Isakhiwo sokuqala esakhiwe ngensimbi, i-Ditherington Flax Mill, sakhiwe ngo-1797, kodwa kwaze kwaba yilapho kuthuthukiswa inqubo ye-Bessemer ngo-1855 lapho ukukhiqizwa kwensimbi kwenziwa kahle ngokwanele ukuze insimbi ibe yinto esetshenziswa kakhulu.Izinsimbi ezishibhile, ezazinamandla aphezulu okudonsa nokucindezelwa kanye ne-ductility enhle, zazitholakala cishe ngo-1870, kodwa insimbi egayiwe neyinsimbi yaqhubeka nokwanelisa iningi lesidingo semikhiqizo yokwakha esekwe kunsimbi, ngenxa yezinkinga zokukhiqiza insimbi ensimbini ene-alkaline.Lezi zinkinga, ezibangelwa ngokuyinhloko ukuba khona kwe-phosphorus, zaxazululwa nguSidney Gilchrist Thomas ngo-1879.
Kwaze kwafika ngo-1880 lapho kwaqala khona inkathi yokwakhiwa okusekelwe ensimbi ethambile enokwethenjelwa.Ngaleso sikhathi izinga lezinsimbi ezikhiqizwayo lase livumelana ngokunengqondo.[1]
Isakhiwo Somshwalense Wasekhaya, esaqedwa ngo-1885, saba ngesokuqala ukusebenzisa ukwakhiwa kohlaka lwamathambo, sisusa ngokuphelele umsebenzi wokuthwala umthwalo wokumbozwa kwawo ngamatshe.Kulokhu amakholomu ensimbi ashumekwe nje ezindongeni, futhi umthamo wawo wokuthwala umthwalo ubonakala ungesesibili kumthamo wokwakha, ikakhulukazi imithwalo yomoya.E-United States, isakhiwo sokuqala esinezinhlaka zensimbi kwakuyiRand McNally Building eChicago, eyakhiwa ngo-1890.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jun-06-2022