ipayipi lensimbi

Ipayipi
Ipayipi ingxenye ye-tubular noma isilinda esingenalutho, ngokuvamile kodwa hhayi ngempela esiyindilinga, esetshenziselwa ukudlulisa izinto ezingageleza - uketshezi namagesi (uketshezi), ama-slurries, izimpushana nenqwaba yezinto eziqinile ezincane.Ingasetshenziselwa izinhlelo zokusebenza zesakhiwo;ipayipi elingenalutho liqinile kakhulu ngesisindo seyunithi kunamalungu aqinile.

Ekusetshenzisweni okuvamile amagama athi ipayipi neshubhu ngokuvamile ayashintshana, kodwa embonini nasebunjiniyela, imigomo ichazwa ngendlela ehlukile.Kuye ngezinga elisebenzayo ekhiqizwa ngalo, ipayipi ngokuvamile licaciswa ngobubanzi obungaguquki obunobubanzi obungaguquki bangaphandle (OD) kanye neshejuli echaza ukujiya.Ishubhu ivame ukucaciswa i-OD nokuqina kodonga, kodwa ingase icaciswe yinoma yiziphi ezimbili ze-OD, ububanzi bangaphakathi (ID), kanye nobukhulu bodonga.Ipayipi ngokuvamile ikhiqizwa kwelinye lamazinga amaningana amazwe ngamazwe nezimboni kazwelonke.[1]Nakuba izindinganiso ezifanayo zikhona kumashubhu ohlelo lokusebenza lwemboni ethile, ishubhu ngokuvamile lenziwa ngosayizi bangokwezifiso kanye nohlu olubanzi lwamadayamitha nokubekezelela.Izindinganiso eziningi zezimboni nekahulumeni zikhona zokukhiqiza amapayipi namashubhu.Igama elithi "ithubhu" libuye lisetshenziswe ngokujwayelekile ezingxenyeni ezingezona ama-cylindrical, okungukuthi, amashubhu ayisikwele noma angama-rectangular.Ngokuvamile, igama elithi “ipayipi” yigama elivame kakhulu emhlabeni wonke, kanti elithi “ipayipi” lisetshenziswa kabanzi e-United States.

Kokubili “ipayipi” kanye “neshubhu” kusikisela izinga lokuqina nokuhlala unomphela, kanti ipayipi (noma ipayipi) ngokuvamile liyaphatheka futhi liyavumelana nezimo.Amapayipi ahlanganisiwe ahlala akhiwa ngokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezifana nezindololwane, ama-tee, njalonjalo, kuyilapho ishubhu ingase yakheke noma igobe ekucushweni ngokwezifiso.Ngezinto eziguquguqukayo, ezingakwazi ukwakhiwa, noma lapho ukwakhiwa kulawulwa amakhodi noma izindinganiso, ama-tube assemblies nawo akhiwa ngokusetshenziswa kwe-tube fittings.

Isebenzisa
Ukufakwa kwamapayipi emgwaqeni e-Belo Horizonte, e-Brazil
Amapayipi amanzi
Amanzi ompompi
Ukunisela
Amapayipi athutha igesi noma uketshezi amabanga amade
Amasistimu omoya acindezelwe
I-Casing yezinqwaba zikakhonkolo ezisetshenziswa kumaphrojekthi wokwakha
Izinqubo zokukhiqiza ezisezingeni eliphezulu noma ezinengcindezi ephezulu
Imboni ye-petroleum:
Isikhwama somthombo kawoyela
Imishini yokuhluza uwoyela
Ukulethwa koketshezi, okungaba yigesi noma okuwuketshezi, esitshalweni senqubo kusuka kwelinye iphuzu kuya kwelinye lapho inqubo
Ukulethwa kwenqwaba yezinto eziqinile, ekudleni noma esitshalweni esicutshungulwayo ukusuka kwelinye iphuzu kuye kwelinye endaweni yenqubo
Ukwakhiwa kwemikhumbi yokugcina umfutho ophezulu (qaphela ukuthi imikhumbi emikhulu yokucindezela yakhiwe ngepuleti, hhayi ipayipi ngenxa yokuqina kodonga nobukhulu bayo).
Ukwengeza, amapayipi asetshenziselwa izinjongo eziningi ezingabandakanyi ukudlulisa uketshezi.Izandla, izikafula, nezakhiwo zokusekela kuvame ukwakhiwa ngamapayipi esakhiwo, ikakhulukazi endaweni yezimboni.

Ukukhiqiza
Isihloko esikhulu: Umdwebo we-tube
Kunezinqubo ezintathu zokwenziwa kwamapayipi ensimbi.Ukusaswa kwensimbi exutshwe nensimbi eshisayo kungenye yezinqubo ezivelele kakhulu.

Ipayipi elingenamthungo (SMLS) lakhiwa ngokudweba i-billet eqinile phezu kwenduku yokubhoboza ukuze kwakheke igobolondo elingenalutho ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi ukubhoboza okujikelezayo.Njengoba inqubo yokukhiqiza ingabandakanyi noma yikuphi ukushisela, amapayipi angenamthungo abonakala eqinile futhi ethembekile.Ngokomlando, ipayipi elingenamthungo lalithathwa njengelinamandla okumelana nengcindezi kunezinye izinhlobo, futhi lalivame ukutholakala kakhulu kunepayipi elishiselwe.

Intuthuko kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1970s ezintweni zokwakha, ukulawulwa kwenqubo, nokuhlola okungabhubhisi, kuvumela ipayipi elishiselwe ngokunembile ukuthi lithathe indawo engenamthungo ezinhlelweni eziningi.Ipayipi elishiselwe lakhiwa nge-rolling plate kanye nokushisela umthungo (ngokuvamile nge-Electric resistance welding (“ERW”), noma i-Electric Fusion Welding (“EFW”)).I-weld flash ingasuswa kuzo zombili izindawo zangaphakathi nezangaphandle kusetshenziswa i-scarfing blade.I-weld zone nayo ingaphathwa ngokushisa ukuze wenze umthungo ungabonakali.Ipayipi elishiselwe ngokuvamile linokubekezelela okuqinile kunohlobo olungenamthungo, futhi kungaba ishibhile ukulenza.

Kunezinqubo ezimbalwa ezingasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza amapayipi e-ERW.Ngayinye yalezi zinqubo iholela ekubambisaneni noma ekuhlanganisweni kwezingxenye zensimbi zibe amapayipi.Ugesi udlula ezindaweni okumele zishiselwe ndawonye;njengoba izingxenye ezishiselwe ndawonye zimelana namandla kagesi, ukushisa kukhiqizwa okwenza i-weld.Amachibi ensimbi encibilikisiwe akhiwa lapho izindawo ezimbili zixhunywe khona njengoba amandla kagesi anamandla adlula ensimbi;lawa machibi ensimbi encibilikisiwe enza i-weld ehlanganisa izingxenye ezimbili ezincibilikisiwe.

Amapayipi e-ERW akhiqizwa ngokushisela insimbi ngobude.Inqubo yokushisela yamapayipi e-ERW iyaqhubeka, ngokuphambene nokushiselwa kwezingxenye ezihlukene ngezikhathi ezithile.Inqubo ye-ERW isebenzisa ikhoyili yensimbi njenge-feedstock.
Inqubo yokushisela ye-High Frequency Induction Technology (HFI) isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza amapayipi e-ERW.Kule nqubo, i-current to weld ipayipi isetshenziswa ngokusebenzisa ikhoyili ye-induction ezungeze ithubhu.I-HFI ngokuvamile ibhekwa njengephakeme ngokobuchwepheshe kune-ERW “evamile” lapho kukhiqizwa amapayipi ezinhlelo zokusebenza ezibucayi, njengokusetshenziswa emkhakheni wamandla, ngaphezu kokunye ukusetshenziswa ekufakweni kwamapayipi kalayini, kanye namakesi namashubhu.
Ipayipi elinobubanzi obukhulu (amasentimitha angu-25 (amasentimitha angu-10) noma ngaphezulu) lingaba ipayipi elithi ERW, EFW noma i-Submerged Arc Welded (“SAW”) ipayipi.Kunobuchwepheshe obubili obungasetshenziswa ukwenza amapayipi ensimbi anosayizi abakhulu kunamapayipi ensimbi angakhiqizwa izinqubo ezingenamthungo kanye ne-ERW.Izinhlobo ezimbili zamapayipi akhiqizwa ngalobu buchwepheshe amapayipi e-longitudinal-submerged arc-welded (LSAW) kanye namapayipi e-spiral-submerged arc-welded (SSAW).I-LSAW yenziwa ngokugoba nokushisela amapuleti ensimbi abanzi futhi asetshenziswa kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwemboni kawoyela negesi.Ngenxa yezindleko zawo eziphakeme, amapayipi e-LSAW awavamile ukusetshenziswa ngenani eliphansi lezinto ezingasebenzisi amandla njengamapayipi amanzi.Amapayipi e-SSAW akhiqizwa ngokushisela i-spiral (helicoidal) yekhoyili yensimbi futhi anenzuzo yezindleko ngaphezu kwamapayipi e-LSAW, njengoba inqubo isebenzisa amakhoyili kunezinsimbi zensimbi.Kanjalo, ezicelweni lapho i-spiral-weld yamukelekile, amapayipi e-SSAW angase anconywe kunamapayipi e-LSAW.Womabili amapayipi e-LSAW namapayipi e-SSAW aqhudelana namapayipi e-ERW namapayipi angenamthungo kububanzi obungu-16”-24”.

Amashubhu okugeleza, okungaba insimbi noma ipulasitiki, ngokuvamile ayakhishwa
Izinto zokwakha

Amapayipi amanzi angokomlando avela e-Philadelphia ahlanganisa amapayipi okhuni
Ipayipi lenziwe ngezinhlobo eziningi zezinto ezihlanganisa i-ceramic, ingilazi, i-fiberglass, izinsimbi eziningi, ukhonkolo nepulasitiki.Esikhathini esidlule, ukhuni nomthofu (i-plumbum yesiLatini, okuvela kuyo igama elithi 'plumbing') kwakuvame ukusetshenziswa.

Ngokuvamile amapayipi ensimbi enziwa ngensimbi noma ngensimbi, njengensimbi engaqediwe, emnyama (i-lacquer), i-carbon steel, insimbi engagqwali, insimbi eyakhiwe ngothayela, ithusi, ne-ductile iron.Amapayipi ensimbi angaphansi kokugqwala uma esetshenziswa emanzini anomoya-mpilo omningi.[2]Ipayipi le-aluminium noma ishubhu kungase kusetshenziswe lapho i-ayoni ingahambisani noketshezi lwesevisi noma lapho isisindo siyinkinga;i-aluminium iphinde isetshenziselwe ukudlulisa ukushisa amashubhu njengamasistimu efriji.Ishubhu yethusi ithandwa kakhulu emanzini asekhaya (aphuzwayo) amapayipi amapayipi;ithusi lingasetshenziswa lapho ukudluliswa kokushisa kuthandeka khona (okungukuthi ama-radiator noma izishintshisi zokushisa).I-Inconel, i-chrome moly, ne-titanium steel alloys asetshenziswa kumazinga okushisa aphezulu kanye namapayipi okucindezela ekucubunguleni nasezikhungweni zikagesi.Lapho kucaciswa ama-alloys ezinqubo ezintsha, izindaba ezaziwayo zomphumela wokunyundela nokuzwela kufanele zicatshangelwe.

Amapayipi omthofu asatholakala ezinhlelweni ezindala zokusabalalisa amanzi ezindlini nakwezinye izindawo, kodwa akusavunyelwe ukufakwa kwamapayipi amanzi aphuzekayo amasha ngenxa yobuthi bawo.Amakhodi amaningi okwakha manje adinga ukuthi amapayipi omthofu afakwe endaweni yokuhlala noma yesikhungo afakwe amapayipi angenabuthi noma ukuthi ingaphakathi lamashubhu liphathwe nge-phosphoric acid.Ngokomcwaningi omkhulu nochwepheshe oholayo we-Canadian Environmental Law Association, “...alikho izinga eliphephile lomthofu [lokuchayeka kumuntu]”.[3]Ngo-1991 i-US EPA yakhipha uMthetho Wokuhola kanye Nethusi, kuwumthetho wesifundazwe okhawulela ukugcwala komthofu nethusi elivunyelwe emanzini okuphuza omphakathi, kanye nenani elivumelekile lokugqwala kwamapayipi okwenzeka ngenxa yamanzi ngokwawo.E-US kulinganiselwa ukuthi izintambo zesevisi eziholayo eziyizigidi ezingu-6.5 (amapayipi axhuma amapayipi amanzi emapayipini asekhaya) afakwe ngaphambi kwawo-1930s asasetshenziswa.[4]

Amashubhu epulasitiki asetshenziswa kakhulu ngesisindo sawo esilula, ukumelana namakhemikhali, izakhiwo ezingagqwali, kanye nokwenza ukuxhumana kube lula.Izinto zepulasitiki zifaka i-polyvinyl chloride (PVC), [5] i-polyvinyl chloride e-chlorine (CPVC), ipulasitiki eqiniswe nge-fiber (FRP), [6] i-polymer mortar eqinisiwe (RPMP), [6] i-polypropylene (PP), i-polyethylene (PE), isiphambano -ihlanganiswe i-polyethylene ephezulu (PEX), i-polybutylene (PB), ne-acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), isibonelo.Emazweni amaningi, amapayipi e-PVC ahlanganisa izinto eziningi zamapayipi ezisetshenziswa ezicelweni zikamasipala ezingcwatshiwe zokusabalalisa amanzi okuphuza kanye namapayipi amanzi angcolile.[5]Abacwaningi bezimakethe babikezela imali engenayo emhlabeni wonke engaphezu kwezigidigidi ezingama-US$80 ngo-2019.[7]E-Europe, inani lemakethe lizoba cishe.€12.7 billion ngo-2020 [8]

Ipayipi lingase lenziwe ngokhonkolo noma nge-ceramic, imvamisa okokusebenza okunomfutho ophansi njengokugeleza kwamandla adonsela phansi noma ukudonsa amanzi.Amapayipi okuthuthwa kwendle asakhiwa kakhulu ngokhonkolo noma ngobumba obune-vitrified.Ukhonkolo oqinisiwe ungasetshenziselwa amapayipi kakhonkolo anobubanzi obukhulu.Le nto yepayipi ingasetshenziswa ezinhlotsheni eziningi zokwakha, futhi ivame ukusetshenziswa ekuthuthweni kwe-gravity-flow yamanzi esiphepho.Ngokujwayelekile ipayipi elinjalo lizoba nensimbi yokwamukela noma ukufaka isitebhisi, nezindlela zokuvala ezihlukene ezisetshenziswa ekufakeni.

I-Traceability and positive material intification (PMI)
Uma ama-alloy amapayipi enziwe ngomgunyathi, ukuhlolwa kwensimbi kuyenziwa ukuze kutholwe ukwakheka kwezinto nge-% ye-elementi yamakhemikhali ngayinye kumapayipi, futhi imiphumela irekhodwa Kumbiko Wokuhlola Okubalulekile (MTR).Lezi zivivinyo zingasetshenziselwa ukufakazela ukuthi ingxubevange ihambisana nokucaciswa okuhlukahlukene (isb. 316 SS).Ukuhlola kugxivizwa umnyango we-QA/QC wesigayo futhi kungasetshenziswa ukulandelela impahla emuva emshinini ngabasebenzisi bakusasa, njengabakhi bamapayipi nabafakayo.Ukugcina ukulandeleka phakathi kwe-alloy material kanye ne-MTR ehambisanayo yinkinga ebalulekile yokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi.I-QA ivamise ukudinga ukuthi inombolo yokushisa ibhalwe epayipini.Kufanele futhi kuthathwe izinyathelo zokuqapha ukuvimbela ukwethulwa kwezinto zomgunyathi.Njengebhekhaphu yokushumeka/ukufakwa ilebula kokuhlonza impahla epayipini, i-positive material identification (PMI) yenziwa kusetshenziswa idivayisi ephathwa ngesandla;idivayisi iskena impahla yepayipi isebenzisa igagasi logesi elikhishwayo (i-x-ray fluorescence/XRF) bese ithola impendulo ehlaziywa ngokuhlola.

Osayizi
Isihloko esikhulu: Usayizi Wepayipi Lokuqamba
Osayizi bamapayipi bangadida ngoba amagama angase ahlobane nobukhulu bomlando.Isibonelo, ipayipi lensimbi elingama-intshi anguhhafu alinabo ubukhulu obuyi-intshi enguhhafu.Ekuqaleni, ipayipi eliyi-intshi elinguhhafu lalinobubanzi obungama-intshi angu-1⁄2 ngaphakathi—kodwa futhi linezindonga eziwugqinsi.Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buthuthuka, izindonga ezincanyana zaba nokwenzeka, kodwa ububanzi bangaphandle abuhlali bufana ukuze buhlangane nepayipi elidala elikhona, okwandisa ububanzi obungaphakathi bube ngaphezu kwengxenye ye-intshi.Umlando wepayipi yethusi ufana.Ngawo-1930, ipayipi laqokwa ngobubanzi balo bangaphakathi kanye nogqinsi lwedonga oluyi-1⁄16-intshi (1.6 mm).Ngenxa yalokho, ipayipi lethusi elingu-1 intshi (25 mm) lalinobubanzi obungu-1+1⁄8-intshi (28.58 mm) ngaphandle.I-diameter yangaphandle yayiwubukhulu obubalulekile bokukhwelana nokufakwa.Ukujiya kodonga kwikhopha yesimanje ngokuvamile kuba mncane kuno-1⁄16-intshi (1.6 mm), ngakho ububanzi bangaphakathi “buyigama” kuphela kunokuba bube ubukhulu obulawulayo.[9]Ubuchwepheshe obusha bamapayipi kwesinye isikhathi bamukela uhlelo lokulinganisa njengolwalo.Ipayipi le-PVC lisebenzisa i-Nominal Pipe size.

Osayizi bamapayipi bacaciswa inani lamazinga kazwelonke nawamazwe ngamazwe, okuhlanganisa i-API 5L, ANSI/ASME B36.10M ne-B36.19M e-US, BS 1600 kanye ne-BS EN 10255 e-United Kingdom naseYurophu.

Kunezindlela ezimbili ezijwayelekile zokuqoka ipayipi elingaphandle kobubanzi (OD).Indlela yaseNyakatho Melika ibizwa nge-NPS (“Nominal Pipe size”) futhi isekelwe kumayintshi (evame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-NB (“Nominal Bore”)).Inguqulo yaseYurophu ibizwa nge-DN (“I-Diametre Nominal” / “Nominal Diameter”) futhi isekelwe kumamilimitha.Ukuklama ububanzi obungaphandle kuvumela amapayipi anosayizi ofanayo ukuthi alingane kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubukhulu bodonga.

Ngosayizi wamapayipi angaphansi kwe-NPS 14 intshi (DN 350), zombili izindlela zinikeza inani le-OD elifinyezwayo futhi alifani ne-OD yangempela.Isibonelo, i-NPS 2 intshi ne-DN 50 ziyipayipi elifanayo, kodwa i-OD yangempela ingamayintshi angu-2.375 noma amamilimitha angu-60.33.Okuwukuphela kwendlela yokuthola i-OD yangempela ukuyibheka kuthebula lereferensi.
Kumapayipi osayizi we-NPS 14 intshi (DN 350) nangaphezulu usayizi we-NPS ubukhulu bangempela ngamayintshi futhi usayizi we-DN ulingana ne-NPS izikhathi ezingu-25 (hhayi u-25.4) ozungezwe ukuze aphindeke kalula ka-50. Isibonelo, i-NPS 14 ine i-OD yamayintshi angu-14 noma amamilimitha angu-355.60, futhi ilingana ne-DN 350.
Njengoba ububanzi bangaphandle bunqunyelwe usayizi wepayipi onikeziwe, ububanzi bangaphakathi buzohluka kuye ngokuthi ubukhulu bodonga lwepayipi.Isibonelo, 2″ Ipayipi leSheduli 80 linezindonga ezijiyile futhi ngenxa yalokho inobubanzi obuncane bangaphakathi kunepayipi elingu-2″ leSheduli 40.

Amapayipi ensimbi akhiqizwa cishe iminyaka eyi-150.Osayizi bamapayipi abasetshenziswa namuhla ku-PVC futhi akhandiwe baqale baklanywa eminyakeni edlule amapayipi ensimbi.Isistimu yezinombolo, njengo-Sch 40, 80, 160, yahlelwa kudala futhi ibonakala iyinqaba.Isibonelo, ipayipi lika-Sch 20 lincane ngisho kune-Sch 40, kodwa i-OD efanayo.Futhi nakuba lawa mapayipi asekelwe kumasayizi amapayipi ensimbi amadala, kukhona elinye ipayipi, njenge-cpvc lamanzi ashisayo, esebenzisa osayizi bamapayipi, ngaphakathi nangaphandle, ngokusekelwe kumazinga amapayipi ethusi amadala esikhundleni sensimbi.

Kunamazinga amaningi ahlukene osayizi bamapayipi, futhi ukusabalala kwawo kuyahlukahluka kuye ngezimboni nendawo.Usayizi wepayipi ngokuvamile uhlanganisa izinombolo ezimbili;eyodwa ekhombisa ingaphandle (OD) noma ububanzi obuncane, kanti enye ekhombisa ukushuba kodonga.Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, ipayipi laseMelika lalilinganiswa ngobubanzi bangaphakathi.Lo mkhuba uyekwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuhambisana nezixhumi zamapayipi okufanele ngokuvamile alingane ne-OD yepayipi, kodwa uye waba nomthelela ohlala njalo kumazinga esimanje emhlabeni jikelele.

ENyakatho Melika nase-UK, amapayipi okucindezela kuvame ukucaciswa Usayizi Wepayipi Lebizo (NPS) kanye neshejuli (SCH).Osayizi bamapayipi babhalwe ngenani lamazinga, okuhlanganisa i-API 5L, ANSI/ASME B36.10M (Ithebula 1) e-US, kanye ne-BS 1600 ne-BS 1387 e-United Kingdom.Ngokuvamile ubukhulu bodonga lwamapayipi kuwukuguquguquka okulawulwayo, futhi Ububanzi Bangaphakathi (ID) buvunyelwe ukuthi buhluke.Ukujiya kodonga lwamapayipi kunokuhluka okucishe kube ngamaphesenti ayi-12.5.

Kulo lonke elase-Europe amapayipi okucindezela kusebenzisa omazisi bamapayipi afanayo nobukhulu bebonda njengosayizi Wepayipi Lebizo, kodwa iwalebula nge-metric Diameter Nominal (DN) esikhundleni se-NPS yombuso.Ku-NPS enkulu kuno-14, i-DN ilingana ne-NPS iphindwe ngo-25. (Hhayi 25.4) Lokhu kubhalwe ngu-EN 10255 (owayekade eyi-DIN 2448 kanye ne-BS 1387) kanye ne-ISO 65:1981, futhi ngokuvamile ibizwa ngokuthi i-DIN noma ipayipi le-ISO. .

I-Japan inesethi yayo yamasayizi amapayipi ajwayelekile, avame ukubizwa ngepayipi le-JIS.

Usayizi wepayipi lensimbi (IPS) wuhlelo oludala olusasetshenziswa abanye abakhiqizi kanye nemidwebo yefa nezinto zokusebenza.Inombolo ye-IPS iyafana nenombolo ye-NPS, kodwa amashejuli ayekhawulelwe ku-Standard Wall (STD), Extra Strong (XS), kanye ne-Double Extra Strong (XXS).I-STD ifana ne-SCH 40 ye-NPS 1/8 ukuya ku-NPS 10, ihlanganisa, futhi ikhombisa .375″ ukujiya kodonga lwe-NPS 12 nangaphezulu.I-XS ifana ne-SCH 80 ye-NPS 1/8 kuya ku-NPS 8, ihlanganisa, futhi ibonisa ukujiya kodonga okungu-.500″ ku-NPS 8 nangaphezulu.Izincazelo ezihlukene zikhona ze-XXS, nokho ayifani neze ne-SCH 160. I-XXS empeleni ijiyile kune-SCH 160 ye-NPS 1/8″ kuya ku-6″ ihlanganisiwe, kanti i-SCH 160 ijiyile kune-XXS ye-NPS 8″ futhi inkulu.

Olunye uhlelo oludala i-Ductile Iron Pipe Size (DIPS), ngokuvamile enama-OD amakhulu kune-IPS.

I-Copper plumbing tube yamapayipi okuhlala ilandela uhlelo losayizi oluhluke ngokuphelele eMelika, oluvame ukubizwa ngokuthi usayizi we-Copper Tube (CTS);bheka uhlelo lwamanzi asekhaya.Ubukhulu bayo obujwayelekile akuwona ububanzi bangaphakathi nangaphandle.Amashubhu epulasitiki, afana ne-PVC ne-CPVC, yezinhlelo zokusebenza zamapayipi anamazinga ahlukene osayizi[ayicacile].

Izinhlelo zezolimo zisebenzisa osayizi be-PIP, abamele ipayipi lokunisela lepulasitiki.I-PIP iza ngezilinganiso zokucindezela okungu-22 psi (150 kPa), 50 psi (340 kPa), 80 psi (550 kPa), 100 psi (690 kPa), kanye no-125 psi (860 kPa) futhi ngokuvamile itholakala ngobubanzi obungu-6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 18, 21, kanye namayintshi angu-24 (15, 20, 25, 30, 38, 46, 53, kanye nama-61 cm).

Amazinga
Ukwakhiwa nokufakwa kwamapayipi okucindezela kulawulwa ngokuqinile uchungechunge lwekhodi ye-ASME “B31″ efana ne-B31.1 noma i-B31.3 enesisekelo sayo ku-ASME Boiler kanye ne-Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC).Le khodi inamandla omthetho e-Canada nase-US.I-Europe kanye nomhlaba wonke inohlelo olulinganayo lwamakhodi.Amapayipi okucindezela ngokuvamile amapayipi okumele athwale izingcindezi ezingaphezu kuka-10 kuya ku-25 womkhathi, nakuba izincazelo zihluka.Ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuphephile kwesistimu, ukwakhiwa, ukugcinwa, ukushisela, ukuhlolwa, njll. kwamapayipi okucindezela kufanele kuhlangabezane nezindinganiso zekhwalithi eziqinile.

Amazinga okukhiqiza amapayipi ngokuvamile adinga ukuhlolwa kokwakheka kwamakhemikhali kanye nochungechunge lokuhlolwa kwamandla emishini ekushiseni ngakunye kwepayipi.Ukushisa kwepayipi konke kwenziwa kusuka ku-ingot efanayo, ngakho-ke kunokwakheka kwamakhemikhali okufanayo.Ukuhlolwa kwemishini kungase kuhlotshaniswe namapayipi amaningi, okungenzeka wonke asuka ekushiseni okufanayo futhi adlule ezinqubweni ezifanayo zokwelashwa kokushisa.Umkhiqizi wenza lezi zivivinyo futhi abike ukwakheka embikweni wokulandeleka komshini kanye nokuhlolwa kwemishini embikweni wokuhlolwa kwezinto, kokubili okubhekiselwa kukho isifinyezo se-MTR.Izinto ezinale mibiko yokuhlola ehlotshaniswayo ibizwa ngokuthi i-traceable.Ngezicelo ezibucayi, kungase kudingeke ukuqinisekiswa kwezinkampani zangaphandle kwalezi zivivinyo;kulokhu ilebhu ezimele izokhiqiza umbiko wokuhlolwa kwezinto eziqinisekisiwe(CMTR), futhi impahla izobizwa ngokuthi iqinisekisiwe.

Ezinye izindinganiso zamapayipi ezisetshenziswa kabanzi noma amakilasi amapayipi yilezi:

I-API range - manje eyi-ISO 3183. Isb: API 5L Grade B - manje ISO L245 lapho inombolo ikhombisa amandla esivuno ku-MPa
I-ASME SA106 IBanga B (Ipayipi lensimbi elingenamthungo lesevisi yokushisa okuphezulu)
I-ASTM A312 (Ipayipi lensimbi engenamthungo futhi elishiselwe i-austenitic engagqwali)
I-ASTM C76 (Ipayipi Lokhonkolo)
I-ASTM D3033/3034 (PVC Pipe)
I-ASTM D2239 (Ipayipi Le-Polyethylene)
I-ISO 14692 (Izimboni zephethiloli negesi yemvelo. Amapayipi epulasitiki aqiniswe ngengilazi (GRP). Ukufaneleka kanye nokukhiqizwa)
I-ASTM A36 (Ipayipi lensimbi yeCarbon yokusetshenziswa kwesakhiwo noma ingcindezi ephansi)
I-ASTM A795 (Ipayipi lensimbi eliqondene ngqo nezinhlelo zokufafaza umlilo)
I-API 5L yashintshwa engxenyeni yesibili ka-2008 yaba ku-edition 44 isuka ku-43 ukuze ifane ne-ISO 3183. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi uguquko ludale imfuneko yokuthi insizakalo emuncu, ipayipi le-ERW, idlule ukuqhekeka okwenziwe nge-hydrogen (HIC). ) ukuhlolwa kwe-NACE TM0284 ngayinye ukuze usetshenziselwe isevisi emuncu.

I-ACPA [American Concrete Pipe Association]
I-AWWA [American Water Works Association]
AWWA M45
Ukufakwa
Ukufakwa kwamapayipi kuvame ukubiza kakhulu kunempahla futhi izinhlobonhlobo zamathuluzi akhethekile, amasu, nezingxenye ziye zathuthukiswa ukusiza lokhu.Ipayipi livamise ukulethwa ekhasimendeni noma endaweni yomsebenzi njengokuthi “izinti” noma ubude bepayipi (imvamisa engamafidi angama-20 (6.1 m), okubizwa ngobude obungahleliwe obubodwa) noma enziwe ngezindololwane, amathishu namavalvu abe yi-spool yamapayipi [Ipayipi]. I-spool iwucezu lwepayipi elihlanganiswe ngaphambili nezinto zokufakwa, ngokuvamile ezilungiswa esitolo ukuze ukufakwa endaweni yokwakha kusebenze kahle.].Ngokuvamile, ipayipi elincane kunama-intshi angu-2 (5.1 cm) awakhiwe kusengaphambili.Amapayipi amapayipi ngokuvamile amakwe ngekhodi yebha futhi iziphetho ziboshwe (ipulasitiki) ukuze zivikeleke.Amapayipi namapayipi spools alethwa endaweni yokugcina impahla emsebenzini omkhulu wezohwebo/wezimboni futhi angase agcinwe endlini noma egcekeni elinegridi.Ipayipi noma i-spool yepayipi iyabuyiswa, ibekwe esiteji, iboshwe, bese iphakanyiswa endaweni.Emisebenzini emikhulu yezinqubo ukuphakamisa kwenziwa kusetshenziswa ama-cranes kanye ne-hoist kanye nezinye izinto zokuphakamisa izinto.Ngokuvamile zisekelwa okwesikhashana esakhiweni sensimbi kusetshenziswa izinsimbi zoxhaso, amabhande, nama-hoist amancane kuze kube yilapho izisekelo zamapayipi zinamathiselwe noma zivikelekile ngenye indlela.

Isibonelo sethuluzi elisetshenziselwa ukufakwa kwepayipi elincane lamapayipi (iziphetho ezinezintambo) yi-wrench yamapayipi.Ipayipi elincane ngokuvamile alisindi futhi lingaphakanyiswa libekwe endaweni yisisebenzi sokulifaka.Kodwa-ke, ngesikhathi sokucisha kwesitshalo noma ukuvala, ipayipi elincane (elincane) lingase lenziwe ngaphambili ukuze kusheshiswe ukufakwa ngesikhathi sokucisha.Ngemva kokufakwa kwepayipi lizohlolelwa ukuvuza.Ngaphambi kokuhlolwa kungase kudingeke ukuthi ihlanzwe ngokufutha umoya noma ngesitimu noma ngokushaywa ngoketshezi.

Ipayipi isekela
Amapayipi ngokuvamile asekelwa kusukela ngezansi noma alengiswa phezulu (kodwa angase asekelwe eceleni), kusetshenziswa izinto ezibizwa ngokuthi izisekelo zamapayipi.Izisekelo zingase zibe lula njengepayipi "isicathulo" esifana nengxenye ye-I-beam eshiselwe phansi kwepayipi;angase “alengiswa” kusetshenziswa i-clevis, noma ngohlobo lwemishini yokushwibeka ebizwa ngokuthi iziphanyeko zamapayipi.Izisekelo zamapayipi zanoma yiluphi uhlobo zingase zihlanganise iziphethu, izincibilishi, izinciphisamanzi, noma inhlanganisela yalezi zisetshenziswa ukuze kunxeshezelwe ukunwetshwa kokushisa, noma ukuhlinzeka ngokuhluka kokudlidliza, ukulawula ukushaqeka, noma ukuncishiswa kokudlidliza kwepayipi ngenxa yokunyakaza kokuzamazama komhlaba.Amanye ama-dampers amadeshipothi awuketshezi, kodwa amanye ama-dampers angase abe ama-hydraulic asebenzayo anamasistimu ayinkimbinkimbi asebenza ukuze anciphise ukugudluzwa okuphezulu ngenxa yokudlidliza okubekwe ngaphandle noma ukushaqeka komshini.Ukunyakaza okungafuneki kungase kube inqubo esuselwe (njengaku-reactor yombhede omanzi) noma kwinto yemvelo efana nokuzamazama komhlaba (umcimbi wesisekelo sokuklama noma i-DBE).

Ama-hanger amapayipi ngokuvamile ahlanganiswe nezinsimbi zamapayipi.Ukuchayeka okungenzeka emazingeni okushisa aphezulu kanye nemithwalo esindayo kufanele kufakwe lapho kucaciswa ukuthi yiziphi izinsimbi ezidingekayo.[10]

Ukujoyina
Isihloko esikhulu: Ukufakwa kwamapayipi namapayipi
Amapayipi ngokuvamile ahlanganiswa ngokushisela, kusetshenziswa ipayipi elinemicu nokufakwa;ukuvala uxhumo ngenhlanganisela yentambo yepayipi, i-Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) I-Thread seal tape, i-oakum, noma intambo ye-PTFE, noma ngokusebenzisa ukuhlanganisa komshini.Amapayipi okucubungula ngokuvamile ahlanganiswa ngokushisela kusetshenziswa inqubo ye-TIG noma ye-MIG.Inhlanganisela yepayipi yenqubo evamile i-butt weld.Iziphetho zepayipi elizoshiselwa kufanele zibe nokulungisela ukushisela okubizwa ngokuthi i-End Weld Prep (EWP) ngokuvamile e-engeli engu-37.5 degrees ukuze kufakwe i-filler weld metal.Intambo yepayipi evame kakhulu eNyakatho Melika i-National Pipe Thread (NPT) noma inguqulo ye-Dryseal (NPTF).Eminye imicu yamapayipi ihlanganisa intambo yepayipi elivamile laseBrithani (BSPT), intambo yepayipi lengadi (GHT), kanye ne-fire hose coupling (NST).

Amapayipi ethusi ngokuvamile ahlanganiswa ngokufakwa kwe-solder, ukubrazing, ukucindezela, ukuvutha, noma ukucwiliswa.Amapayipi epulasitiki angase ahlanganiswe ngokushisela i-solvent, ukuhlanganiswa kokushisa, noma ukuvala uphawu kwe-elastomeric.

Uma ukunqanyulwa okuvamile kuzodingeka, ama-flange amapayipi afakwe i-gasket noma ukufakwa kwezinyunyana kunikeza ukwethembeka okungcono kunemicu.Amanye amapayipi anezindonga ezincane ezinezindonga ezidonsa amanzi, njengethusi noma amapayipi amanzi epulasitiki aguqukayo atholakala ezindlini zabakhi beqhwa namahumidifiers, isibonelo, angase ahlanganiswe nezixhumi zokuminyanisa.

Iringi eyinhloko ye-HDPE ehlanganiswe ne-Electrofusion Tee.
Ipayipi elingaphansi komhlaba ngokuvamile lisebenzisa isitayela sephayiphi “push-on” sepayipi elicindezela i-gasket ibe isikhala esakhiwe phakathi kwezingcezu ezimbili ezixhumene.Ama-push-on joints ayatholakala ezinhlotsheni eziningi zamapayipi.I-lubricant ehlangene yepayipi kufanele isetshenziswe ekuhlanganiseni kwepayipi.Ngaphansi kwezimo zokungcwatshwa, amapayipi ahlangene ne-gasket avumela ukunyakaza okubheke eceleni ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwenhlabathi kanye nokwanda/ukuncipha ngenxa yokuhluka kwezinga lokushisa.[11]Ipulasitiki ye-MDPE ne-HDPE yamapayipi egesi namanzi nawo avame ukuhlanganiswa nokufakwa kwe-Electrofusion.

Ipayipi elikhulu elingaphezu komhlaba ngokuvamile lisebenzisa ijoyinti eline-flanged, elivame ukutholakala epayipini lensimbi eliyi-ductile namanye.Kuyisitayela se-gasket lapho ama-flange amapayipi axhumene ehlanganiswa ndawonye, ​​​​kucindezela i-gasket ibe isikhala phakathi kwepayipi.

Ama-couplings ama-grooved mechanic noma amalunga e-Victaulic nawo avame ukusetshenziselwa ukuqaqa nokuhlanganisa njalo.Kwathuthukiswa ngeminyaka yawo-1920s, lokhu kuhlanganisa okufakwe ngomshini kungasebenza kufika kumaphawundi angu-120 ngengcindezi yokusebenza eyi-intshi yesikwele (830 kPa) futhi kutholakale ezintweni ezihambisana nebanga lamapayipi.Olunye uhlobo lokuhlanganisa imishini luyi-flareless tube fitting (Imikhiqizo emikhulu ihlanganisa i-Swagelok, i-Ham-Let, i-Parker);lolu hlobo lokuminyanisa lusetshenziswa ngokujwayelekile kumashubhu amancane angaphansi kwamayintshi angu-2 (51 mm) ububanzi.

Uma amapayipi ejoyina emakamelweni lapho ezinye izingxenye zidingeka khona ukuze kulawulwe inethiwekhi (njengama-valve noma amageji), amajoyinti okuqhaqha ngokuvamile asetshenziswa, ukuze kwenziwe ukukhweza/ukwehla kube lula.

Ama-Fittings nama-valve

Ukufakwa kwepayipi yethusi
Ukufakwa nakho kusetshenziselwa ukuhlukanisa noma ukuhlanganisa inani lamapayipi ndawonye, ​​nangezinye izinjongo.Izinhlobonhlobo ezibanzi zokufakwa kwamapayipi okujwayelekile ziyatholakala;ngokuvamile zihlukaniswa zibe yitiyela, indololwane, igatsha, isinciphisi/isikhuliseli, noma i-wye.Amavalvu alawula ukugeleza koketshezi futhi alawule umfutho.Izihloko zamapayipi namapayipi kanye nama-valve zixoxa ngazo kabanzi.

Ukuhlanza
Isihloko esikhulu: Ukuhlanza amashubhu

Ipayipi eline-limescale buildup, elinciphisa ububanzi bangaphakathi kakhulu.
Ingaphakathi lamapayipi angahlanzwa ngenqubo yokuhlanza ishubhu, uma engcoliswe udoti noma ukungcola.Lokhu kuncike endleleni ipayipi elizosetshenziswa ngayo kanye nokuhlanzeka okudingekayo kule nqubo.Kwezinye izimo amapayipi ahlanzwa kusetshenziswa idivayisi yokususa indawo eyaziwa ngokusemthethweni ngokuthi i-Pipeline Inspection Gauge noma “ingulube”;ngokushintshana amapayipi noma amashubhu angase ahlanzwe ngamakhemikhali kusetshenziswa izixazululo ezikhethekile ezimpontshwa.Kwezinye izimo, lapho kuye kwaqiniswa ukunakekela ekwenziweni, ekugcinweni nasekufakweni kwepayipi namashubhu, imigqa ishaywa ihlanzeke ngomoya ocindezelweyo noma initrogen.