Isakhiwo esenziwe ngaphambili

Isakhiwo esenziwe ngaphambili

Ibhilidi elakhiwe ngaphambilini, ngokungakahleleki i-prefab, yisakhiwo esakhiwayo futhi esakhiwe kusetshenziswa ukwakhiwa.Iqukethe izingxenye ezenziwe efekthri noma amayunithi athuthwayo futhi ahlanganiswe esizeni ukuze akhe isakhiwo esiphelele.

Izakhiwo zakhiwe endaweni eyodwa futhi zahlanganiswa kwenye kuwo wonke umlando.Lokhu bekuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi emisebenzini ephathwayo, noma ezindaweni ezintsha zokuhlala.I-Elmina Castle, inqaba yokuqala yesigqila eNtshonalanga Afrika, yayiyisakhiwo sokuqala esakhiwe ngaphambili saseYurophu e-Sub-saharan Africa. ahlakazwe ngokushesha futhi anyakaze okungenani kanye.UJohn Rollo wachaza ngo-1801 ukusetshenziswa kwangaphambili kwezakhiwo zesibhedlela eziphathwayo eWest Indies.[2]Kungenzeka ukuthi indlu yokuqala eyakhangiswa yayiyi-"Manning cottage".Umbazi waseLondon, uHenry Manning, wakha indlu eyakhiwa izingxenye ezithile, yabe isithunyelwa futhi yahlanganiswa abafuduki baseBrithani.Lokhu kwashicilelwa ngaleso sikhathi (isikhangiso, irekhodi laseNingizimu Australia, 1837) futhi abambalwa basami e-Australia. [3]Enye enjalo yi-Friends Meeting House, e-Adelaide.[4][5]Unyaka ophakeme wokungeniswa kwezakhiwo eziphathwayo e-Australia kwakungu-1853, lapho kufika amakhulu amaningana.Lezi zihlonzwe njengezivela e-Liverpool, e-Boston nase-Singapore (neziyalezo zesiShayina zokuhlanganisa kabusha).[6]E-Barbados indlu yase-Chattel yayiwuhlobo lwesakhiwo esakhiwe ngaphambili esakhiwa izigqila ezazikhululiwe ezazinamalungelo alinganiselwe okwakha endaweni okungezona ezazo.Njengoba izakhiwo zazinyakaza zazibhekwa ngokomthetho njengezingxoxo.[7]

Ngo-1855 phakathi neMpi YaseCrimea, ngemva kokuba uFlorence Nightingale ebhalele iThe Times incwadi, i-Isambard Kingdom Brunel yanikezwa umsebenzi wokuklama isibhedlela esenziwe ngaphambili.Ezinyangeni ezinhlanu waklama iSibhedlela saseRenkioi: isibhedlela sesiguli esiyinkulungwane, esinezinhlelo ezintsha zokukhucululwa kwendle, ukungenisa umoya kanye nendlu yangasese eshaywayo.[8]Umkhiqizi uWilliam Eassie wakha amayunithi ayi-16 adingekayo e-Gloucester Docks, athunyelwa ngqo e-Dardanelles.Isetshenziswe kuphela kusukela ngoMashi 1856 kuya kuSepthemba 1857, yehlisa izinga lokufa lisuka ku-42% laya ku-3.5%.

Amafulethi okuqala akhiwe ngaphambili, anephaneli emhlabeni wonke aqalwa e-Liverpool.Inqubo yasungulwa unjiniyela wedolobha u-John Alexander Brodie, ongqondongqondo bakhe bokusungula naye wamenza wasungula inethi yamagoli ebhola.Izitebele zethilamu eWalton eLiverpool zalandela ngo-1906. Lo mbono awuzange wamukelwe kakhulu eBrithani, nokho wamukelwa kabanzi kwenye indawo, ikakhulukazi eMpumalanga Yurophu.

Izindlu ezakhiwe kusengaphambili zakhiqizwa ngesikhathi seGold Rush e-United States, lapho kukhiqizwa amakhithi ukuze abahloli baseCalifornia bakwazi ukwakha ngokushesha indawo yokuhlala.Izindlu zazitholakala ngendlela yekhithi nge-oda leposi e-United States ngo-1908.[9]

Izindlu ezakhiwe ngaphambilini zazidumile phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yesibili ngenxa yesidingo sezindawo zokuhlala eziningi zamasosha.I-United States yasebenzisa amaqhugwane ase-Quonset njengezakhiwo zamasosha, futhi e-United Kingdom izakhiwo ezakhiwe ngaphambili zazihlanganisa izindlu zakwaNissen kanye ne-Bellman Hangars.'Ama-Prefabs' akhiwa ngemva kwempi njengendlela yokuhlinzeka ngezindlu ezisezingeni eliphansi ngokushesha naphansi esikhundleni sezindlu ezacekelwa phansi ngesikhathi se-Blitz.Ukwanda kwezindlu ezakhiwe kuqala ezweni lonke kwaba umphumela weKomidi le-Burt kanye noMthetho Wezindlu (Indawo Yesikhashana) Act 1944. Ngaphansi kohlelo lwezezindlu olubizwa nge-Ministry of Works Emergency Factory Made, kwadwetshwa imininingwane futhi yabhidelwa yizokwakha nokukhiqiza ezizimele. izinkampani.Ngemva kokugunyazwa yi-MoW, izinkampani zingafaka isicelo ezinhlelweni zokuthuthukiswa eziholwa nguMkhandlu, okuzoholela ekutheni kube nezindawo ezigcwele ezakhiwe ukuze kuhlinzekwe indawo yokuhlala yalabo abangenamakhaya ngenxa yeMpi kanye nokusulwa kwemijondolo okuqhubekayo.[10]Cishe i-160,000 yakhiwe e-UK ngo-1948 ngezindleko ezicela ku-£ 216 million.Indawo enkulu kunazo zonke e-prefab estate eBrithani[11] yayise-Belle Vale (eNingizimu yeLiverpool), lapho kwakhiwa khona ngaphezulu kwe-1,100 ngemva kweMpi Yezwe 2. Le ndawo yabhidlizwa ngeminyaka yawo-1960 phakathi kwempikiswano enkulu njengoba ama-prefabs ayethandwa kakhulu izakhamuzi. isikhathi.
I-Amersham Prefab (COAM)-igumbi elingaphambili elibonisa umlilo wamafutha aqinile
Izinto ezandulelayo zazihloselwe imindeni, futhi ngokuvamile zaziba nehholo lokungena, amagumbi okulala amabili (abazali nezingane), igumbi lokugezela (igumbi elinebhavu) - okwakuyinoveli entsha kubantu abaningi baseBrithani ngaleso sikhathi, indlu yangasese ehlukile, igumbi lokuhlala. kanye nekhishi elihlomile (elingafakwanga ngomqondo wesimanje).Izinto zokwakha zazihlanganisa insimbi, i-aluminium, izingodo noma i-asbestos, kuye ngohlobo lwendawo yokuhlala.I-aluminium Yohlobo lwe-B2 prefab yakhiqizwa njengezingxenye ezine ezihlanganiswe ngaphambili ezingathuthwa ngeloli noma kuphi ezweni.[12]
Ikhishi lika-Amersham Prefab's (COAM)-libonisa i-Belling cooker, i-Ascot wash heater kanye nesiqandisi
I-Universal House (esithombeni kwesokunxele negumbi lokuphumula kwesokudla) yanikezwa i-Chiltern Open Air Museum ngemva kweminyaka engu-40 yokusetshenziswa okwesikhashana.I-Mark 3 yakhiwe yi-Universal Housing Company Ltd, e-Rickmansworth.

I-United States yasebenzisa izindlu ezakhiwe ngaphambili zamasosha ngesikhathi sempi kanye nama-GI abuyela ekhaya.Amakilasi e-Prefab ayedumile ngezikole zase-UK ezandisa ama-rolls azo ngesikhathi sokukhula kwezingane ngawo-1950 nawo-1960.

Izakhiwo eziningi zaklanywa zakwazi ukuphila iminyaka emihlanu kuya kweyishumi, kodwa sezidlule kude le, kanti ezinye zisekhona nanamuhla.Ngo-2002, isibonelo, idolobha laseBristol lalisenezakhamuzi ezihlala ezibonelweni ezingu-700.[13]Imikhandlu eminingi yase-UK ibisezinhlelweni zokudiliza izibonelo zokugcina ezisekhona zeMpi Yezwe Yesibili eyandulelayo ukuze ihambisane ne-Decent Homes Standard kahulumeni waseBrithani, eyaqala ukusebenza ngo-2010. Nokho, kube nokuvuselelwa kwakamuva ezindleleni ezakhiwe ngaphambili. wokwakha ukuze kunxeshezelwe ukuntuleka kwezindlu e-United Kingdom okukhona manje.[catation needed]

I-Prefabs kanye nenhlangano yesimanjemanje

Abadwebi bezakhiwo bahlanganisa imiklamo yesimanje ezindlini ezakhiwe ngaphambilini zanamuhla.Izindlu ezandulelayo akumele zifaniswe nendlu engumahamba nendlwana ngokubukeka, kodwa naleyo yomklamo wesimanje oyinkimbinkimbi.[14]Kuphinde kwaba nokwanda kokusetshenziswa kwezinto “eziluhlaza” ekwakhiweni kwalezi zindlu ezakhiwe ngaphambilini.Abathengi bangakhetha kalula phakathi kokuqeda okungafani nemvelo kanye nezinhlelo zodonga.Njengoba lezi zindlu zakhiwe izingxenye, kulula kumnikazi wendlu ukwengeza amakamelo engeziwe noma ngisho nama-solar panel ophahleni.Izindlu eziningi ze-prefab zingenziwa ngendlela oyifisayo endaweni ethile yekhasimende nesimo sezulu, okwenza amakhaya e-prefab avumelane nezimo kakhulu futhi abesimanje kunangaphambili.

Kukhona i-zeitgeist noma inkambiso emibuthanweni yezakhiwo futhi umoya wenkathi uthanda i-carbon footprint encane ye-"prefab".

Ukusebenza kahle
Inqubo yokwakha izakhiwo ezakhiwe isiye yasebenza kahle kakhulu eShayina kangangokuthi umakhi waseChangsha wakha isakhiwo esinezitezi eziyishumi ngamahora angu-28 nemizuzu engu-45.[15][16]

Emazweni amaKhomanisi
Amazwe amaningi asempumalanga yeYurophu aye alimala ngokomzimba phakathi neMpi Yezwe II futhi umnotho wawo wawusesimweni esibi kakhulu.Kwakunesidingo sokwakha kabusha amadolobha ayecekeleke phansi ngenxa yempi.Isibonelo, iWarsaw yayicekelwe phansi phansi ngaphansi kokucekelwa phansi kweWarsaw okwakuhleliwe ngamabutho aseJalimane ngemva kokuvukela kweWarsaw ngo-1944.Isikhungo saseDresden, eJalimane, sasibhujiswe ngokuphelele ukuqhuma kwamabhomu Amazwe Ahlangene ngo-1945.I-Stalingrad yayicekelwe phansi kakhulu futhi kwasala izakhiwo ezimbalwa zimile.

Izakhiwo ezakhiwe ngaphambilini zisebenze njengendlela engabizi futhi esheshayo yokudambisa ukushoda kwezindlu okukhulu okuhlobene nokucekelwa phansi kwesikhathi sempi kanye nokufudukela kwabantu emadolobheni ngezinga elikhulu nokundiza kwezindawo zasemakhaya.